Piping 
The Hydrocracker is similar to the FCC in that it is a catalytic process that cracks long chain gas oil molecules into smaller molecules that boil in the gasoline, jet fuel and diesel fuel range. The fundamental difference is that cracking reactions take place in an extremely hydrogen rich atmosphere. Two reactions occur. First carbon … Read more
A vacuum distillation column is a type of distillation column that operates under a vacuum. This means that the pressure inside the column is lower than atmospheric pressure. The lower pressure allows the distillation of compounds that would normally boil at too high a temperature at atmospheric pressure. Vacuum distillation columns are used in a … Read more
Crude distillation unit (CDU) is a unit in an oil refinery where crude oil is heated and separated into different fractions based on their boiling points. The CDU is the first processing unit in most refineries and is responsible for producing the basic feedstocks for other refining processes. Initial crude oil separation is accomplished by … Read more
Outlook shortcut keys are keyboard combinations that can be used to perform tasks in Outlook. They can save you time and help you be more productive. Outlook Shortcut keys Alt + S Send the email Ctrl +C Copy selected text Ctrl +X Cut selected text Ctrl +P Open print dialog box Ctrl +K Complete name/email … Read more
Below mentions are the MS window shortcut key and symbols key MS window shortcut key and symbols key Alt + Tab Switch between open applications Alt + Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications Alt+ Print Screen Create screen shot for current program Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager Ctrl + Esc … Read more
Below are the excel shortcut key which are used in Excel. Excel shortcut Keys F2 Edit the selected cell F5 Go to a specific cell F7 Spell check selected text and/or document F11 Create chart Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time Ctrl+ ; Enter the current date Alt + Shift + F1 … Read more
These below mentions are the word shortcut keys, which are very useful for working on ms office. Word shortcut key Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + N Open new/blank document Ctrl + … Read more
Pipe routing: below point to consider while doing the pipe routing Piping shall be routed such way that the optimum piping layout is achieved in terms of process requirements, ergonomics, operation, inspection and maintenance. Having considered these factors, the number of flanges, fittings, valves and welds shall be minimized which helps to reduce the cost … Read more
NPSH of pump: When the liquid passes from the pump section to the eye of the impeller, the velocity increases and the pressure decreases. There are also pressure losses due to shock and turbulence as the liquid strikes the impeller. The centrifugal force of the impeller vanes further increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid. Thus, the Net … Read more
Pipe wall thickness calculations: ASME B31.3 is used extensively for offshore facilities. Pipe thickness under internal pressure calculated using equation given by this standard. ASME B31.8 normally used for gas lines in onshore production facilities and when transporting and distributing gas. ASME B31.4 normally used in onshore oil production and is actually subset of ASME … Read more